• FACE-TO-FACE
Dr Doj Raj Khanal has been at the forefront of agricultural transformation from Kathmandu's bustling labs to the farmlands spread across Nepal. As the Executive Director of the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) and a Principal Scientist with a PhD in Clinical Veterinary Science from Yamaguchi University, Japan, Dr. Khanal is no stranger to tackling significant challenges. With Nepal's agricultural sector at a critical crossroads, he has spearheaded initiatives to integrate modern research with traditional practices, ensuring that innovation reaches every farmer. In this exclusive interview with Bal Krishna Sah of The Himalayan Times, Dr Khanal delves into the agricultural agreement between Nepal and India, shedding light on how collaboration can shape the future of farming in the region. Get ready for an insightful journey into the possibilities and hurdles of agriculture in Nepal-a sector that promises to feed a nation and fuel its economy. Excerpts:
THT: Can you describe the primary objectives of the India-Nepal New Partnership in Agriculture?
The partnership is an ambitious initiative to transformNepal's agricultural sector. During the Prime Minister's 2018 visit to India, an agreement was reached for India to assist Nepal in establishing a modern agricultural system under NARC's leadership. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) prepared a detailed project report (DPR) to set up a Centre for Agricultural Research and Education in Nepal. This project envisions integrating research, education, and extension services-a model that has proven successful in India-to enhance agricultural outcomes and build capacity among scientists. By enabling NARC researchers to earn advanced degrees, the initiative motivates staff and strengthens the link between research and practical benefits for farmers. However, progress depends on high-level political commitment and parliamentary approval to amend the current laws governing NARC.
THT: How has this partnership influenced Nepal'sagricultural research and development initiatives?
The partnership has already delivered tangible benefits, such as introducing resilient seed varieties that can withstand floods and droughts. These advancements are particularly significant for Nepal, where diverse climates-ranging from tropical to temperate-offer unique opportunities for agricultural innovation. Digital soil mapping has begun, allowing better crop recommendations based on soil types. Furthermore, plans to establish agro-processing industries, such as cold storage and food processing units, are underway to reduce wastage and increase farmers' incomes. While these initiatives highlight the partnership's potential, sustained efforts and resources are essential to realise its full impact.
THT: What specific projects have been implemented under this partnership that have significantly impacted you?
Several impactful projects have emerged under this partnership. India has provided flood- and drought-resistant seed varieties, contributing to climate-resilient farming in Nepal. Agro-processing initiatives, such as cold storage facilities for surplus produce and industries for processing apples and oranges, are also in the pipeline. These facilities aim to reduce post-harvest losses and boost farmers' earnings. Additionally, collaborative efforts have addressed transboundary animal diseases like foot-and-mouth disease, which is a critical step for Nepal to meet international export standards. With its unique biodiversity and climate diversity, Nepal has the potential to develop premium-quality agricultural products for global markets.
THT: In what ways do you think collaborative agricultural research can enhance food security for Nepal's growing population?
Collaboration with India can significantly enhance Nepal's food security by adopting proven models from countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam. Both nations have achieved remarkable progress in developing high-yielding crop varieties, such as rice and maize, which could be replicated in Nepal. India's expertise in using nuclear technology for agriculture-to produce disease-resistant, high-yield crops-offers another opportunity. For instance, this technology can eliminate foodborne diseases and enhance export potential. By fostering such collaborations, Nepal can address its food security challenges while positioning itself as a leader in agricultural innovation.
THT: How important is it for Nepal to integrate innovative agricultural practices from India into its farming systems?
Integrating India's advanced technologies into Nepal's farming systems is essential for modernisation and growth. India's nuclear-based agricultural advancements and organic farming methods can be particularly beneficial. Nepal's pristine mountain regions, largely untouched by chemical fertilisers and pesticides, can produce premium organic products for export. However, the challenge lies in effectively disseminating these innovations to farmers, especially under the complexities of Nepal's three-tier governance structure. Addressing these barriers is crucial to ensuring farmers benefit from the latest agricultural technologies.
THT: Can you share examples of knowledge exchange between Indian and Nepali agricultural scientists that have led to successful outcomes?
There has been a productive knowledge exchange between ICAR and NARC, leading to advancements in seed technology and pest management. However, such exchanges have diminished in recent years due to administrative gaps. Renewing the two institutions'memorandum of understanding (MOU) could reinvigorate collaboration. Regular exchanges of scientists, policymakers, and even farmers could foster mutual learning, enabling both countries to tackle shared challenges in agriculture.
THT: What role does education play in this partnership, particularly regarding training programs for farmers and agricultural professionals?
Education is a cornerstone of this partnership. NARC is working to establish master's and PhD programs for scientists and technical staff, which will build expertise and drive innovation in the sector. Additionally, NARC plans to set up farmer training centres in all seven provinces, providing localised knowledge and practical solutions. These initiatives empower agricultural professionals and farmers, creating a more resilient and productive farming system.
THT: How do you see climate resilience being addressed through collaborative agricultural projects?
Climate resilience is a pressing issue for Nepal, which is ranked among the most vulnerable countries globally. Collaborative projects have introduced climate-smart farming techniques, such as direct-seeded rice, which reduces soil erosion and water usage. Integrating livestock farming with cropping systems is another approach to maintaining soil fertility and sustainability. While mechanisation has benefits, traditional practices like oxen ploughing and organic manure remain vital for long-term soil health. Balancing these approaches is key to addressing climate change while ensuring agricultural productivity.
THT: How does the partnership aim to support smallholder farmers in Nepal, particularly regarding access to resources and technology?
The partnership significantly emphasises supporting smallholder farmers through cooperative farming and land pooling initiatives. Large corporations can play a crucial role by offering buyback guarantees and providing input materials to farmers, ensuring both support and market access. These measures aim to motivate small farmers to adopt advanced practices and increase production, ultimately improving their livelihoods.
THT: What challenges have you encountered in implementing joint agricultural initiatives, and how have they been overcome?
One major challenge has been bureaucratic delays caused by the lack of direct communication channels between NARC and Indian counterparts. Diplomacy often involves lengthy processes through multiple ministries, hindering timely action. Improved coordination and flexible policies are needed to bridge these gaps. Additionally, fostering closer ties with Nepal's Ministry of Agriculture has been essential to align goals and streamline implementation.
THT: Could you discuss any initiatives to promote sustainable farming practices among Nepali farmers?
Sustainable farming practices, such as climate-smart agriculture, are gaining momentum. Techniques like direct-seeded rice and drip irrigation have shown promise in reducing water usage and improving soil health. However, the high cost of equipment remains a barrier for individual farmers. Cooperative efforts and government support are necessary to make these technologies more accessible. Additionally, relay cropping and livestock integration with farming can enhance soil fertility and ensure long-term sustainability.
THT: What feedback have you received from local communities regarding the benefits of these collaborative projects?
Farmers generally appreciate the innovations introduced through these collaborations but highlight challenges like the high cost of equipment and seasonal availability. Technologies like drip irrigation and plastic greenhouses have enabled off-season farming, increasing incomes. However, broader access to these resources is needed to maximise their impact on rural communities.
THT: How do you envision the future of agriculture in Nepal evolving due to this partnership?
The partnership has immense potential to transform Nepal's agricultural landscape. By leveraging its diverse climates and fostering collaboration with India, Nepal can position itself as a regional leader in agricultural innovation. Early warning systems, toll-free advisory services, and robust seed programs already demonstrate the benefits of collaboration. Strengthening these efforts could further enhance productivity and resilience.
THT: In your opinion, what factors contribute to successful collaboration between India and Nepal in the agricultural sector?
Successful collaboration requires mutual trust, respect, and a focus on actionable outcomes. Political leaders and researchers must prioritise delivering tangible results over rhetoric. A culture of accountability and commitment to progress is essential to realising the full potential of this partnership.
THT: How can this partnership serve as a model for future collaborations between countries with similar agricultural challenges?
The India-Nepal partnership can become a blueprint for addressing shared agricultural challenges worldwide. Demonstrating effective collaboration and delivering measurable results can inspire similar initiatives in neighbouring countries and regions. This model could play a pivotal role in enhancing global food and nutrition security, which remains a critical goal for the future.
