Mountaineering at the intersection of Climate Change in the Nepal Himalaya
Published: 10:40 am Mar 30, 2026
Climate change is real, and glaciers in the Himalayas are melting at a much faster rate than anywhere else in the world. On higher altitudes, meltwater pools on the Everest Base Camp account for conspicuous changes in the physical landscape of the mountains. Due to the extreme elevation of the region's glaciers, ice at higher altitudes is more vulnerable to rapid melting. This has become a greater cause of worry among high-altitude communities, including the Sherpa who depend on the mountains for their livelihood and cultural-spiritual practices. As Himalayan glaciers retreat and ice melts, the precariousness of the South Everest Base Camp that sits on a rapidly melting active Khumbu glacier draws attention to urgent measures that must be rigorously examined by the Government of Nepal to counter hyper tourism on Mount Everest. This includes effectively regulating garbage management practices on the mountain and across the tourism-dependent Khumbu region, as well as setting a limit on the total number of people who can climb Sagarmatha. The growing number of commercial expeditions is adding to the problem of waste accumulation on camps and in crevasses. Following the instability of the glacier caused by increased human activity on the Everest Base Camp, climbing sherpas dread that the increased exposure to mountain hazards will make their job more dangerous and unpredictable than it already is. The 2014 and 2015 Everest disasters where over a dozen sherpas were killed in an avalanche, is a grim reminder of the unpredictability of high-altitude mountain regions. This uncertainty is further exacerbated by rising temperatures that pave the way for unstable cornices and serac on the mountain. With hundreds of foreign members climbing on fixed lines established by Nepali High-Altitude Workers (HAWs) or 'sherpas'-as they are addressed in the local parlance, a growing risk of rock-ice avalanches threatens the safety of HAWs who make multiple trips across the Khumbu Icefall and between camps to deposit items for use by expedition teams. By virtue of remaining continually exposed to dangerous conditions on the Himalayan mountains as these become active zones of meltwater pools and snow cover loss, HAWs voice serious concerns about the future of Himalayan mountaineering, which generates considerable income for the marginalized and geographically isolated communities. Drawing on his past experiences as mountain support staff, Ngima Chhechi Sherpa contends that the instability in icefall caused by rising temperatures is forcing abrupt changes in mountaineering itineraries. Due to this, HAWs are required to quickly adopt adaptive strategies, failing which they risk mountain hazards and loss of business. In a similar tone, Lakpa Sherpa, an IFMGA mountain guide and Instructor underscores the need for quick adaptation. He observed, 'glaciers used to be solidly frozen at the onset of the Spring expeditions until 20 years ago; however, they are retreating fast by several metres now, increasing the risk of avalanches.' Mountaineering becomes riskier with crevasses widening up and more rocks getting exposed. And Sherpas, who form a bulk of the precarious high-altitude workforce, will be disproportionately affected by climate change as weather conditions at higher elevations become abrupt and erratic. To give an example, Island Peak (locally called Imja Tse) has lost much of its snow cover below the summit due to snow drought and accelerated glacier melt. It lies to the north of the Imja Tsho (Imja Glacier Lake), which is one of the fastest-growing melt water lakes in the Himalaya that threatens mountain communities with potential Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). The Sherpa village of Thame in Khumbu that was ravaged by floods and debris flow caused by GLOFs in 2024 is an example of how GLOFs permanently reshape landscapes in high-altitude regions, and leave the mountain communities at a risk of displacement and extinction at high altitudes as glaciers melt. Such weather abnormalities considerably affect the economic stability of local communities working in the tourism sector, and threatens the vital Himalayan ecosystem. Taking notice of sharp climatic changes in upper regions, Pasang Furi Lama recalls how lightning strikes have become apparent during pre- and post-monsoon in last three years in the high-altitude settlement of Dzongla in Khumjung. As mountains receive scant snow, and barren rocks are exposed, growing fear and anxiety predominate the everyday lifeworlds of HAWs whose lives are critically dependent on tourism. With both mountaineering and trekking contributing over 4 per cent to Nepal's economy, an existentialist threat looms large upon sherpas who fear that their livelihoods may end in the face of rapid climate change. Notably, some recent collaborative initiatives undertaken by civil society groups from India and Nepal augur well for the future of Himalayan ecosystem. A team of Nepali and foreign IFMGA (International Federation of Mountain Guides Associations) guides headed by Tul Singh Gurung initiated a program on Snow and Avalanche Science in January-February 2026 at Gulmarg in India wherein both Nepal and India collaboratively reexamined the ways in which the problem of climate change could be addressed. One of the spin-offs of such civil-society based partnerships could result in preparing the ground for an eventual thaw in the current Nepal-India standoff. Such initiatives deserve urgent attention at the highest level from the two neighbouring states, as irreversible climate changes will eventually have a devastating impact on Nepal in particular and the larger Himalayan region as a whole. Gulati is a Guest Faculty & Independent Researcher at the Panjab University, India