Opinion

Nepal is owed restitution, not aid

The countries that built their wealth on fossil fuels cannot treat the cost of a warming Himalaya as an act of charity

By Dr Sunoor Verma

Photo: Skanda Gautam/THT

I was in a village above the Trishuli valley some years ago, watching a district officer explain to a group of foreign donors why the road they had funded had washed away twice in three monsoons. He was polite. He was patient. He had clearly given this speech before, to a different set of faces, in a different funding cycle. The donors nodded, took photographs, and left. The road is still not fixed. That scene has been playing on a loop in my head since the glacier above Langtang Lirung let go on the twenty sixth of August and sent a wall of water down the Bhote Koshi into the Trishuli, rising nine metres in half an hour and taking hundreds of lives with it, most of them nowhere near a camera. Nepal produces a rounding error's worth of the world's carbon emissions. It is now paying, in bodies and bridges, for a century of somebody else's industry. The scientists call it glacial melt accelerated by a warming climate. Everyone else calls it, depending on their politics, climate change, global warming, or an act of God that happens to have a very traceable carbon signature. Here is the strange thing about Nepal. Mention India to a Western audience and you get an even split, roughly, between those who admire it and those who are appalled by it. Mention Nepal and the room softens uniformly. Everyone loves Nepal. Everyone wants a piece of Nepal, generally the piece with the mountain in the background. Kathmandu has become a city run, in significant part, by ambassadors of the global north, through aid budgets, technical missions, and a steady diet of hiking diplomacy. The UN presence there grows every year, heavy on international officers and thin on the national staff who actually understand the terrain, politically as much as physically. Nobody who gets posted to Kathmandu seems in any hurry to leave. For a certain kind of international career, it is the perfect trampoline: photogenic poverty, spectacular scenery, and hosts trained by decades of dependency to be endlessly gracious to the people holding the purse. Now consider the arithmetic behind the affection. The idea that the countries who lit the fire should pay for the water is not new and it is not radical. It has a name, loss and damage, and after three decades of the world's most vulnerable states asking for it politely at successive climate summits, it finally became an actual fund at COP28 in Dubai. The pledges that followed, from the wealthiest economies on the planet, added up to several hundred million dollars against an estimated annual need in the hundreds of billions. One major pledging nation walked its commitment back entirely within little over a year of making it. That is roughly the going rate of Western remorse, heartfelt at the podium, negotiable by the next fiscal year. Nepal is exactly the kind of country this fund was built to serve, a least developed nation with a negligible emissions footprint and an outsized exposure to a warming Himalaya, and it will spend the next decade watching that fund's board deliberate at a pace that outlives the news cycle of any single disaster. This is where compensation stops being a technical finance conversation and becomes a moral one. A country that spent two centuries burning coal and oil to build its wealth does not get to treat the bill for that wealth as a voluntary donation, extended at its convenience and revocable at its next election. If the melting of a glacier above Rasuwa can be traced, with reasonable scientific confidence, to a warming trend the developed world set in motion and profited from, then what is owed to Nepal is not aid. It is restitution. Call it loss and damage, climate reparations, historical liability; the word matters less than the transfer of actual money on a timeline that matches the emergency rather than the diplomatic calendar. The question, then, is who does the fighting. Secretary General Guterres visited, made the appropriate declarations, and moved on to the next capital, as secretaries general do. The ambassadors who have spent years being garlanded on ridgelines and quoted at donor roundtables have, so far, been noticeably quieter now that the conversation has shifted from admiration to liability. It is easy to praise Nepal's resilience in a speech. It is harder to stand up in Brussels or Washington and argue that your own government owes this country money, not goodwill, not a resilience workshop, money, and owes it because of what your own economy did to the atmosphere Nepal shares with everyone else. The glacier will not wait for Kathmandu's admirers to find their courage, and the next one will not wait for Washington or Brussels to rediscover their conscience either. Nepal did not write the industrial history that is now rewriting its rivers. It should not have to keep asking, so politely, for its own compensation. Dr Sunoor Verma is a surgeon turned global health strategist with three decades in the trenches of health diplomacy across Asia and beyond.