KATHMANDU, SEPTEMBER 11 Clearing the massive piles of rocks, soil, sand and wreckage left behind by the Bhotekoshi flood will require an estimated Rs 95.42 billion, according to a Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) report. Prepared by the National Planning Commission (NPC) and the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority (NDRRMA), the report outlines immediate and long-term recovery costs under cross-cutting sectors including debris removal, disaster-risk reduction and inclusive rehabilitation. The flood is estimated to have left Rs 48.24 billion worth of debris from damaged and destroyed buildings, while Rs 2 billion worth of soil deposits will require Rs 300 million for removal. The scale of cleanup means only 31.1 per cent of debris removal is expected to be completed within six months, while just 0.4 per cent of risk-reduction work can be achieved in the same period. For immediate recovery, the report estimates Rs 67.42 billion for infrastructure, covering hydropower, electricity grids, renewable energy, roads, bridges, communications, sanitation, drinking water, irrigation and river projects. The social sector will require Rs 8.29 billion for reconstruction of homes, public buildings, education, health and cultural facilities. The production sector needs Rs 5 billion for agriculture, fisheries, livestock, banking and livelihoods. The report also estimates Rs 8.6 billion for debris removal and risk reduction in the first six months, and Rs 150 million for inclusive rehabilitation of at-risk groups including women, children, senior citizens and people with disabilities. For disaster-risk reduction, Rs 350 million is required immediately and Rs 944 million long-term, covering debris removal from waterways, river management, settlement protection, erosion and landslide control, irrigation restoration and development of multi-hazard early warning systems.