KATHMANDU, FEBRUARY 12 Women account for a growing share of the global scientific workforce (31.1% of researchers worldwide in 2022, according to UNESCO), yet they remain underrepresented in the organizations that shape scientific recognition, leadership, and decision-making. A new global report, 'Toward gender equality in scientific organizations: assessment and recommendations' released today by the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP), the International Science Council (ISC), and the Standing Committee for Gender Equality in Science (SCGES), shows that progress over the past decade has been modest and uneven. Based on data collected in 2025 from more than 130 among academies and international scientific unions, along with responses from nearly 600 scientists worldwide, the study finds that women's representation has increased only gradually since the first assessment in 2015. In national academies, women represent on average 19% of members in 2025 (up from 12% in 2015 and 16% in 2020), with figures ranging from below 5% to nearly 40%. Leadership gaps are even more pronounced: among 50 national academies, only 20% have a woman president, a proportion unchanged since 2020. In international scientific unions, women hold around 40% of leadership roles, reflecting differences across disciplines. The report concludes that these disparities cannot be explained by the pipeline alone. Instead, nomination practices, selection norms and reliance on informal networks continue to influence who is identified, encouraged, and advanced. Survey findings show that women are three times more likely to report barriers to career progression and 4.5 times more likely than men to report experiences of harassment or microaggressions. The report identifies institutional measures that can support more equitable participation and leadership, including reforms to nomination and selection processes, improved gender‑disaggregated data, and stronger monitoring and evaluation systems. It also highlights examples of organizations where structural changes have contributed to sustained progress. By documenting these mechanisms across institutions and disciplines, the report provides a robust evidence base to support more transparent, accountable, and inclusive organizational practices.