Washington, December 4

The US military will open up all positions including frontline combat roles to women, Defence Secretary Ashton Carter announced yesterday in a sweeping move officially ending centuries of men-only tradition.

The historic step served as a rebuke to a Marine Corps call this year for a partial exemption, after it argued mixed-gender combat units were not as effective as male groups.

“There will be no exceptions,” Carter said, adding he was confident the change would enhance “combat effectiveness.”

He noted that while, on average, physical differences exist between sexes, plenty of women can meet the military’s rigorous physical standards for combat roles just as there are some men who cannot.

“As long as they qualify and meet the standards, women will be allowed to drive tanks, fire mortars and lead infantry soldiers into combat,” Carter said.

“They’ll be able to serve as Army Rangers and Green Berets, Navy SEALS, Marine Corps infantry, Air Force parajumpers and everything else that was previously open only to men.”

Given the tough physical standards, Carter stressed that equal opportunity would probably not translate to equal participation of men and women in all roles.

“There must be no quotas or perception thereof,” he said.

Currently, the US military comprises some 1.34 million active-duty personnel, about 15.6 per cent of them women.

President Barack Obama welcomed the change, saying it would improve the US military just as racial de-segregation did in the 1950s.

“As commander-in-chief, I know that this change, like others before it, will again make our military even stronger,” he said.

The nature of the US-led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan meant many women found themselves in combat anyway for instance if their convoy came under fire or struck a roadside bomb.

Congresswoman Tammy Duckworth is a case in point. She had her legs amputated after Iraqi insurgents blasted the US Army helicopter she was co-piloting in 2004.

“I didn’t lose my legs in a bar fight,” she said. “Of course women can serve in combat. This decision is long overdue.”

Three women made history this year when they graduated from the US Army’s elite Ranger school, previously only open to men.

The Ranger course physical fitness test includes 49 push-ups, six chin-ups, 59 sit-ups, a five-mile run in 40 minutes and a slew of other challenges.

Carter, who is Obama’s fourth defence secretary and started his job in February after battling his way up the Pentagon’s bureaucratic ranks, has spoken frequently about the need for the vast US military to be inclusive.

“Our force of the future must continue to benefit from the best people America has to offer,” Carter said. “In the 21st century, that requires drawing strength from the broadest possible pool of talent. This includes women . We have to take full advantage of every individual who can meet our standards.”

The changes will begin to be implemented “as soon as practicable” after January 2, and no later than April 1, a Pentagon memo said.

Notably absent from Carter’s announcement was his top general, Joe Dunford, who previously headed the Marines.